A significant amount of the newest science and research attempting to tackle America’s growing obesity problem is focused on hormonal disruptions and imbalances such as leptin resistance. LepToThin™ is natural science’s newest answer, in supplement form, to help address this issue. LepToThin™ contains LeptiPro™ which is the primary active ingredient to assist in improving leptin signaling. The main mechanism of action of this supplement occurs by inhibiting protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B, commonly known as (PTP1B). A plethora of research is currently being performed to assess the efficacy of PTP1B in the treatment of obesity, insulin resistance and leptin resistance.

To help your understanding of this ever-important concept and physiological cascade of events, I’ll provide a number of credible research excerpts followed by my ‘fourth grade version’ and interpretation. This should help you get to the bottom line on how and why this can significantly help you in your quest to lose weight naturally and improve your health.

Deal? Here we go…

The science says: In June of 2009, the medical journal, Molecular and Cellular Biology stated that:  neuronal PTP1B inhibition results in decreased hypothalamic AMPK activity, isoform-specific AMPK activation in peripheral tissues and downstream gene expression changes that promote leanness and increased energy expenditure. Therefore, the mechanism by which PTP1B regulates adiposity and leptin sensitivity is likely to involve coordinated regulation of AMPK in hypothalamus and peripheral tissues.

The interpretation: Inhibiting PTP1B may actually have an effect on the brain that would help you improve body composition and burn fat.

The science says: PTP1B Inhibitors:  (PTP1B) is a highly validated molecular target, which mediates insulin resistance in mammals. PTP1B dephosphorylates the insulin receptor (IR) thus blunting its ability to transduce signal upon insulin binding. Inhibitors of PTP1B would be expected to restore activity to the IR and thus would find therapeutic benefit in the treatment of diabetes.

The interpretation: Discovering and manufacturing PTP1B inhibitors are currently one of the ‘hot topics’ in the pharmacological approach to to finding a drug to address the obesity problem, which is a primary contributing factor to type 2 diabetes.

The science says: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) contributes to leptin resistance by inhibiting intracellular leptin receptor signaling. Hypothalamic PTP1B is specifically increased during HF diet-induced leptin resistance. This increase in PTP1B is due in part to chronic hyperleptinemia, suggesting that hyperleptinemia is one mechanism contributing to the development of leptin resistance.

The interpretation: When mice are fed a high fat diet it can increase the amount of PTP1B in the brain. A high fat diet possibly induced an overabundance of circulating leptin which leaves more leptin in the blood. The body then may become resistance to leptin’s effects; two of which are  regulating appetite and burning fat.

The science says: Neuronal PTP1B regulates adiposity, body weight and leptin action.

The interpretation: PTP1B has a big say in whether you store excess fat, how much you weigh and it also plays a pivotal role in the function of one of your master metabolic hormones-leptin.

The science says: PTP1B is expressed in hypothalamic regions harboring leptin-responsive neurons. PTP1B regulates leptin signaling in vivo, likely by targeting Jak2. Mice lacking the protein-tyrosine phosphatase PTP1B are hypersensitive to insulin and resistant to obesity. PTP1B may be a novel target to treat leptin resistance in obesity.

The interpretation: PTP1B is present within the brain and effects the way that leptin is able to effect the brain. Mice that were devoid of PTP1B were literally resistant to obesity. One could extrapolate that with either the absence or decreased over-expression of PTP1B, leptin and insulin would both work more efficiently to regulate weight and metabolism. This study showed that PTP1B does in fact regulate leptin signaling.

The science says: Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a key negative regulator of signaling by both of these hormones, so that inhibitors of this enzyme may provide promise for correcting endocrine abnormalities in both diabetes and obesity. As with other tyrosine phosphatases, identification of viable drug candidates targeting PTP1B has been elusive because of the nature of its active site. Beginning with novel phosphotyrosine mimetics, we have designed some of the most potent PTP1B inhibitors. However, their highly acidic structures limit intrinsic permeability and pharmacokinetics.

The interpretation: “We wish we could find something that inhibits PTP1B without so many side effects because if we could, we would make billions.”

As far back as 2002 analysts have estimated that an effective and safe drug targeting obesity could generate as much as $26 billion per year in the USA alone. “It is probably the largest pharmaceutical market ever, and carries with it 27–30 dangerous co-morbidities,” said Louis Tartaglia, vice president of metabolic diseases at Millennium Pharmaceuticals. If you add the patients who are obese and diabetic, the number soars even higher, as obesity and diabetes are linked diseases. (Some research says that as much as 80% of type 2 diabetes is related to obesity.

The science says: Published studies demonstrate that the botanically derived phytochemical, isolated and purified single-peak Isoquinoline Alkaloid Berberine HCl, specifically and potently inhibits human Protein Tyrosine Phosphates 1B (PTP1 B).

The interpretation: LepToThin™ with LeptoPro™ was formulated to specifically and naturally improve the body’s ability to respond to leptin signaling, thus helping you become better able to lose weight.

References:

LepToThin review

Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 296: E291-E299, 2009

Nature Medicine – 12, 917 – 924 (2006)

Dev Cell. 2002 Apr;2(4):385-7.

Let’s talk about leptin and insulin…

The ensuing results that occur when attending to and normalizing the function of these two hormones can be accurately described as losing weight naturally. Leptin and insulin are two master hormones when it comes to controlling weight and body composition. When they’re allowed to work, weight management is a self-regulating system. In a recent study, very overweight mice actually doubled their amount of physical activity when the hormone leptin – which regulates appetite and energy expenditure (fat burning)- was switched on in their brain. In fact, when leptin signaling was ‘turned on’ in the brain, the study quotes, “remarkably, blood glucose levels are entirely normalized.”

Totally normalizing blood sugar? Doubling the amount of exercise one is capable of? It’s time the public was let in on this.

Diet induced, type 2 diabetes has risen in this country to levels never seen before.

It’s even infiltrated the future of the nation-our youth.

Insulin resistance…leptin resistance…. what to do? Who’s the chicken? Who’s the egg?

If the culprit of this ever growing obesity and overweight problem was a popularity contest, insulin resistance would win by a mile.

But some research is pointing to the fact that leptin resistance may be an underlying precursor to insulin resistance. We need to rethink weight loss in lieu of these observations. Of note, leptin can also be found in skeletal muscle. The increased risk of diabetes that comes with obesity ay be caused in part by increased lipid deposits in that skeletal muscle as well as the liver, creating insulin resistance. Here is a wonderful illustration showing the reversal of insulin resistance by leptin.

A new study In the  June 2009 issue of the medical journal Cell Metabolism,  shows the astounding possibilities of what can happen once leptin resistance is restored. Raise your hand if your overweight but just don’t have the energy to exercise. OK, more than a few hands went up. Now…read carefully…

In this recent study, obese lab mice with severe type 2 diabetes had their blood glucose levels restored to normal and experienced a doubling in physical activity when sensitivity to the hormone leptin was restored to a portion of their brain called the hypothalamus. So, if this was an absolute truth, then what this research is saying is this- if you can restore your body’s sensitivity to leptin, it may not only increase your ability to engage in activity that helps you lose weight (exercise), but it may also have profound effects on another very important metabolic hormone-insulin.

So again, if this study turns out to be an absolute truth, then restoring leptin’s sensitivity in the brain may  help people who are chronically overweight or obese lead more active lives by enabling them to exercise more. In my experience, it’s far too common that people are stuck in the vicious cycle of not having enough energy to exercise, which diffuses weight loss efforts and leads to ill health.

Leptin and insulin are intimately dependent upon one another, and your metabolism is dependant upon them. Lack of exercise, increased exposure to chronic stress and a diet void of  nutrient dense foods, are what creates these non-responsive states of insulin and leptin resistance.

Embarking on a path to help normalize and resensitize your body to these two powerful hormones is just plain healthy.  You experience a whole different set of outcomes from your efforts when you have your hormones working for you, rather then against you-not only for weight loss but for your entire aging process.

Though most recent literature continues to show that the majority of overweight people suffer from a condition called ‘leptin resistance,’ it’s still unknown to the majority who suffer from it,  yet it’s the very hurdle that thwarts bold efforts to lose weight.

More research has turned up exposing leptin resistance and reverse T3 (a thyroid hormone which can lower your metabolism) as primary factors in the battle to lose weight and as big factors in the CAUSE of excessive weight gain.

Leptin resistance can contribute to reverse T3 production and that undermines your thyroids attempt at regulating your metabolism. When these metabolic self-regulating systems are upset, it makes it nearly impossible to lose weight and highly probable that you’ll gain weight, despite your efforts- rendering will power virtually useless.

There’s a lot to be said for the adage which promises that if you take in less calories than you burn, you will lose weight. I would agree that statement holds true for most anyone that has a normally functioning, healthy body.

But the issue  that seems to be eluding even the most learned of advisers and dieters when attempting to be successful at weight loss is this… people who are overweight just don’t have normally functioning healthy bodies.

In fact, in my experience, most all patients I’ve dealt with who are chronically overweight, have an endocrine or metabolic syndrome or dysfunction. And unfortunately it can sabotage and diminish the effects of exercise and eating right.

Dr. Kent Holtorf, medical director at Holtorf Medical Group, says that weight gain and the inability to lose weight “is not simply a problem that individuals are taking in more calories … or lack of exercise or willpower.”

Meaning that there may be more to it than the simple “calories in” vs. “calories out” theory.

Recent research shows, however, that sugar cravings are not simply an overwhelming lack of willpower. Many current scientific studies show that their body craves sugar that it does not need for energy, as a result of an imbalance in the vital hormones. These hormones regulate the processing and storage of energy and signal us to either feel satisfied or eat more energy-producing foods. Do you crave foods even though you know that they may be contributing to you being overweight? You’re not alone. This new research may help you understand why it may not totally be your fault. So don’t be so hard on yourself. For many, if leptin resistance is present, which is the case with nearly all forms of obesity and many who are overweight, you are set up to fail from the start. Sheer willpower won’t be able to overcome these powerful hormonal signals.

Leptin is a hormone that works in the hypothalamus of the brain, controlling the use of energy in the body and the feelings of satiety or fullness after eating. Researchers have discovered that, when another body chemical known as PTP1 B is produced in excess, it prevents leptin from entering the brain to reach the hypothalamus and essentially renders it useless. This situation is known as leptin resistance and it is commonly found in obese individuals.

Sugars are the body’s primary source of quick energy and without leptin to regulate their use, they are quickly stored as fat. Until leptin is once again able to reach the hypothalamus and normal functioning resumes, the body will continue to crave the sugar that it feels it needs for energy. In actuality, those sugars are unnecessary and help to compound the obesity problem, but without leptin reaching the hypothalamus, the brain never gets that signal.

Hormones such as leptin are powerful regulators of normal body functions and also of emotions such as moods and desires. The feelings of anxiety, depression and irritability that are experienced by many people at various points in their lives, are often related to hormonal balances in the body. It is no wonder, then, that the current research continues to show the connection between sugar cravings and problems with leptin signaling in the body.

References:

Blum K et al. LG839: Anti-obesity effects and polymorphic gene correlates of reward deficiency syndrome. Advances in Therapy. 2008;25(9):894-913.

Drewnowski A et al. Is sweetness addictive? Nutrition Bulletin. 2007;32(s1):52-60.

“HORMONES!”

If you’ve ever had cravings that you just can’t keep under control, this new science is going to blow your mind. At the same time it will  give you the biggest sense of self satisfaction you’ve ever experienced because you’ll finally understand why.

Ladies and gentlemen, how powerful are hormones?

I know from being married and having a pregnant wife that they’re more powerful than a tornado, hurricane, flood, and thunder and lightening all mixed together.

So I  R-E-S-P-E-C-T them.

One common misconception about overweight or obese people is that they could lose weight if they really wanted to.

In the words of Lee Corso…

“Not so fast my friend!”

New studies show that gaining a lot of weight and then trying to take it back off is far more complex than simply not being able to control yourself, or being lazy or weak.

The process of gaining weight is just that, a process. There are hundreds and thousands of neurochemically mediated synapses that go a bit haywire.

There are ‘checks and balance’ systems in the body that get toppled. Organs and cells start struggling just to deal with the excess stress.

This is, in part, the start of many disease processes.

So I get a little defensive when the ‘gurus’ start blaming people for not eating right and exercising enough.

We all should, by now, understand the amazing life giving properties and benefits of exercising and eating right. But the fact is we don’t. There is no perfect diet and there is no perfect exercise program.

Thankfully, we are all unique.

And although I love nutritional science and practice orthomolecular medicine and I respect exercise physiology. The absolute truth is, when you are dealing with humans, there are no absolutes.

Why?

Each one of us is a different combination of quantum energy. (Don’t get scared by the big metaphysical word, I’m done.)

For example, I might drink a few beers and want to reminisce and hug all over you. The guy next to me might have a few and want to brawl.

Same beers…but two different chemical bodies that they were poured in to.

In science, if you mix A with B in equal parts, every time you will get C. That’s reproducible science. Whenever humans are involved, you don’t know what B is, exactly.

So here’s my point- let me ask the ‘majority’ of people who have struggled with weight this one very important question in regards to eating right and exercising…

“How’s that worked out for ya?”

What some of you may be very surprised to hear is that a lot of people will answer, “Not very well!”

You see for many people, losing weight has been a futile battle to fight powerful hormonal responses in the body gone awry. Even those with the best intentions were set up for failure to start with.

These processes are why willpower alone won’t take the weight off. And they are a big reason why people can’t ‘stick’ to diets or exercise routines.

Before I go on, let me fervently say that I am the biggest exercise and nutrition advocate around. Don’t misconstrue this into thinking that I discount those vital health needs.

So… if you are one of those people who can’t stick to a diet or if you have taken weight off and it comes right back on, I’m going to share some facts with you that you may have never heard. Basically, your weight problem is a hormone imbalance.

The Master “Fat Burning Hormone”

The way that we either burn calories for energy or store them as fat, is largely determined by a balance of hormones in our bodies. With a sub-par diet, too much stress, and not enough rest, our hormones can get out of balance.

The hormone leptin is primarily responsible for the regulation of metabolism and weight by decreasing hunger and food consumption, as well as being responsible for utilizing fat for energy.

How important are these functions in determining whether you can or can’t lose weight?

If leptin is prevented from doing its job in the body, the chemical signals to tell you to stop eating never reach the brain. Instead, the body is signaled that more calories are needed. Therein lies the problem…

“Willpower Is No Match For Hormones”

People wonder why willpower alone won’t take the weight off. Willpower is no match for the brain’s hormonal signals that are telling you that you need more food.

Even the toughest among you can sustain it for only so long. And then what happens? I think you know… you’re right back to where you started.

Research shows that most people struggling with weight problems have high blood leptin levels. You may say to yourself, “If  leptin is so powerful and it burns fat and controls cravings how could I have high levels?”

It’s called leptin resistance. It’s very similar to insulin resistance…and most overweight people suffer from it and don’t even know it. It is extremely common.

Leptin is prevented from getting into the brain where it needs to  signal the body to

1) Stop eating and 2) Burn fat.

Without leptin working in the brain, it is all but impossible to regulate appetite, metabolism and weight, and that, my friend, is why willpower alone may have fallen short.

So with bookstore shelves devoting entire sections to diet and exercise, you would think America would have all the tools necessary to be in tip top shape, yet statistics on obesity and being overweight continue to rise.

How big of a problem is this ‘leptin resistance’ thing?

HUGE!

“I believe that the discovery of leptin resistance is the key to freeing millions of overweight Americans from the tyranny of yo-yo dieting, food cravings and a continual struggle with their weight.”

Leo Galland, M.D.,
Author, “The Fat Resistance Diet”

In fact, many studies are pointing to the fact that insulin resistance happens because of leptin resistance. More studies need to be done, but the new science shows that the hormones insulin and leptin are literally intertwined in terms of their function.

Fact: 80% of all type II diabetics are overweight. Coincidence? I think not, as is backed by the newest research.

Hmmmm…where do we go from here?

Brand New Science Gives Promise

Leptin resistance occurs, in part, when a protein in the body, called PTP1 B, interferes with leptin’s ability to cross into the hypothalamus of the brain and do its thing, burn fat, stop cravings.

Science and big pharma companies have been trying to isolate a way to potently ‘block’ PTP1B, in order to restore the powerful fat burning effects of leptin.

Why?

Because it’s the NEXT BIG THING.

One of the most respected naturally minded doctors in the world, Dr. Joseph Mercola, owner of the worlds most popular natural health newsletter and website recently said that,

“Several pharmaceutical companies are already busy at work trying to identify drugs that would make good candidates for inhibition of PTP1B in people.”

Why?

Because it’s the next big thing; 0besity, huge (sorry for the pun), diabetes, huge, a nation overweight and getting worse…huge! When it comes to the research and development of leptin and insulin sensitizers, there aren’t too many things  bigger right now that medical and pharmaceutical research is trending towards.

If they could find an answer to this problem, it would be…you guessed it…huge. It’s probably safe to say that this could be the biggest breakthrough in weight loss science in the past 20 years.

In the labs right now, scientists have been able to block PTP1B in mice and guess what? There is a huge decease in overall body fat and as much as an 80% increased capability for the them to be resensitized to insulin and leptin. And boys and girls, those are THE two master hormones for controlling your weight and metabolism.

But, here’s the kicker… even when the mice were fed high fat diets, they still didn’t gain weight.  Are you with me, so far?

I think you may be starting to see why this just may be the new ‘holy grail’ of weight loss science.

So why am I so excited?

Eureka… We’ve Done It!

The best thing is it’s an all-natural plant based compound!

It is a berberine formulation that has been specifically and proprietarily bound to fatty acids. The body can actually use it to increase leptin signaling and restore fat burning and decrease false and unnecessary hunger cravings.

Currently there is only one clinically validated compound that can potently block PTP1 B levels, thus reestablishing normal leptin signaling by actually crossing the blood brain barrier and addressing the malfunction at its source.

It’s called LeptiPro™ and it’s in a proprietary formula called LepToThin™.

LeptiPro™ has been clinically proven to restore normal leptin signaling by blocking PTP1B, thereby, naturally balancing and resensitzing  the signaling of your fat burning and hunger commanding hormones in the body.

So it now allows leptin to flow to the brain and signal the body to stop eating and burn excess fat.

How’s that for an answer to your prayers?

This is the pinnacle of leptin re-sensitizing thus far in the medical community. People who have tried LepToThin™ with LeptiPro™ say,

“It’s the most powerful appetite suppressant I’ve ever experienced.”

Those who have failed with diet after diet, only to put on the pounds again, are experiencing reductions in weight that they have never experienced before in their adult lives.

Why?

Because it works directly on the brain. And it’s all natural, with virtually no side effects as you may expect with drugs.

It’s been called ‘the anti-diet’ pill because it has no harmful effects or jittery effects on the body like a typical diet pill.

While it’s obviously important to eat a healthy diet when you are trying to lose weight, it takes more willpower than you can muster to avoid sugary snacks if you are leptin resistant.

By addressing leptin resistance and restoring balance to the body, you’ll have your hormones working FOR you and not fighting thousands of years of physiological history with sheer willpower!

So, if you’ve struggled with your self image regarding your weight or if your self confidence took a hit because of your failure with ‘dieting’… you can take a big breath and realize that it wasn’t all your fault.

Now, when you get the weight off, come back here for guidance on exercise and a leptin enhancing, anti-inflammatory diet so you can keep it off for good!

You have suffered enough and you wouldn’t want to have to learn that lesson again.

Oh, by the way, when you do get to your ideal weight, the LepToThin™ formula will help you to keep it off as well.

LepToThin™ with LeptiPro™ has set a new standard in weight loss science. If you’re interested, you can order it here starting March 30, 2009.

View the Press Release Here

References:

Anonymous. Fat and free will. Nature Neuroscience. 2000;3(11):1057.

Considine RV, Sinha MK, Heiman ML, Kriauciunas A, Stephens TW, Nyce MR, Ohannesian JP, Marco CC, McKee LJ, Bauer TL, Caro JF. Serum Immunoreactive-Leptin Concentrations in Normal-Weight and Obese Humans. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1996;334(5):292-295.

Martin SS, Qasim A, Reilly MP. Leptin resistance: a possible interface of inflammation and metabolism in obesity-related cardiovascular disease. Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 2008;52(15):1201-10.

Nature.com September 2002 Protein PTB1B Inhibitors For Diabetes

Male or female, we all want to look our best and feel healthy. A woman’s weight is closely tied with her self-image. She’s been trained by the media and society to be pretty, nice, and thin. And when she’s not thin or at her ideal weight, it’s more difficult to be pretty in her own mind.

You’ve been waiting for years for science to solve the obesity problem. You’ve had enough of diets that don’t work and gave up hope you can eat anything since every calorie seems to multiply itself by a factor of 5. And you’ve had it with food cravings that keep your mind focused on food all day long.

Why has your body turned against you? Where is your answer?

With all the thousands of research studies published each year, isn’t it possible that there is an answer somewhere? Maybe…

Newly Discovered Hormone Affects Your Weight

The hormone leptin itself was just recently discovered. When it was, it was viewed as the ‘new frontier’ of weight loss. Why? Well, it may have something to do with the fact that two of its most influential effects are on controlling cravings and burning body fat. But as the science advanced we learned that due to a number of factors, mainly overeating and eating too much of the wrongs foods, people who were chronically over weight and obese were resistant to leptin’s powerful effects. That reason is now known as “Leptin Resistance.”

The truth is that leptin is exceptionally crucial to your body to function optimally. The hormone has a hand in controlling the two most important factors in weight control; food intake and fat storage. But also sexual development, immunity, GI function, reproduction, the nervous system during stressful times, brain function and red blood cell production.

“Leptin Resistance” is extremely similar in nature to “Insulin Resistance” and although most people are completely unaware that they even have this hormonal dysfunction, it is extremely common. “Leptin Resistance” occurs when the body is no longer efficient at carrying Leptin across the blood-brain barrier to the brain, specifically the hypothalamus. In order for Leptin to perform it’s ‘weight loss magic’ to control your body weight and metabolism, it has to do so from the hypothalamic centers in the brain. When brain levels of Leptin are low because the brain never ‘hears’ or ‘receives’ it due to “Leptin Resistance” -  food cravings and weight gain occur because the body believes that it is hungry and will daily go into a state of persistent fat storage.

“NORMAL BRAIN LEVELS OF LEPTIN ARE ABSOLUTELY VITAL IF YOU WANT TO CONTROL YOUR BODY WEIGHT AND METABOLISM”

The Research Proves It

By restoring leptin sensitivity, weight may come off like never before and food cravings can be subdued. You may can lose weight safely, and that’s not all: thyroid function can improve.

In a study reported in the New England Journal of Medicine in February of 2009, when calories were restricted 40% for 25 days, significantly reduced leptin, thyroid hormones and increased corticosteroid levels resulted. Leptin replacement for the last 10 days of the study normalized the leptin and TSH levels.

In a University of Miami study reported in August 2008, leptin replacement in a 5-year-old morbidly obese boy with leptin gene mutation resulted in substantial increases in the rates of brain development with some skills increasing more than what was expected for his age. High blood pressure reversed totally as did high levels of insulin and fat abnormalities.

In another case study, a female with type 2 diabetes treated with leptin replacement decreased her insulin resistance and lost weight.

Scientists have found that overweight individuals can have leptin resistance. In fact, researchers at Harvard, in the journal Developmental Cell, say that “Almost all forms of obesity are leptin-resistant ….”  Leptin resistance is similar to insulin resistance and results in health problems that can contribute to diabetes and lead to diabetes medication.

If you have been chronically over weight or obese, chances are there has been a strong reason why you haven’t been able to lose weight. Most likely, you are suffering from leptin resistance. Let’s chalk one up for science here, as this is a BIG discovery. People are now searching for ‘leptin supplements.’

What you need to do is increase your leptin signaling pathway. There is only one supplement I know of that does this, LepToThin™. When you improve leptin signaling, it’s truly natural weight loss.

The answer may be low levels of the hormone called leptin. The hormone heads straight for the body’s satiety and hunger center located in the hypothalamus and turns on your ability to burn more calories through thermogenesis. But that’s not all it does. Leptin also increases your metabolic rate, resetting it to where it should be.

Researchers have found that it’s possible to have high levels of leptin in the blood, but the body can fail to transport it to the brain. This is called “leptin resistance.” When the brain doesn’t get the leptin it needs, then food cravings and weight gain occur and it feels as if we don’t have any willpower.

However, it’s not a matter of willpower or not. It’s a matter of either there’s enough leptin in the brain, or there’s not. Without the leptin in the brain, the body thinks it is hungry and hoards calories.

The good news is that leptin resistance can be reversed. By far the most promising substance to help combat the effects of leptin resistance is called Isoquinolone Alkaloid berberine, found exclusively in LepToThin™.